What Raw Materials Can Be Used for Bio Organic Fertilizer Production?

Bio-organic fertilizer is an eco-friendly product made by fermenting organic raw materials and incorporating functional microorganisms; it serves multiple functions, including soil improvement, growth promotion, and quality enhancement. Its raw materials are diverse, renewable, and largely derived from agricultural, forestry, and livestock waste; being low-cost and environmentally friendly, this sector exemplifies the circular economy and resource recycling. The primary raw materials fall into four categories suited to various production scenarios and planting needs; the strategic selection and combination of these materials form the core foundation of bio-organic fertilizer production.

Livestock and poultry manure—including cattle, sheep, chicken, and pig manure—serves as the most essential and commonly used base material. These materials offer a balanced composition of organic matter and N-P-K nutrients, possess a favorable texture, and ferment readily. Cattle and sheep manure, being loose and breathable, effectively improve compacted soil, while chicken manure—rich in nutrients and fast-acting—is ideal for cash crops such as fruits and vegetables. All manure must undergo thorough high-temperature aerobic fermentation to eliminate pest eggs and pathogens, thereby preventing crop damage (such as "seedling burn") and disease outbreaks after application.

Agricultural and forestry waste—such as crop stalks, rice husks, peanut shells, sawdust, and various oilseed cakes—serves as high-quality supplementary material. Stalks from corn, wheat, and rice are rich in carbon, helping to adjust the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio of the composting mix and improve the fertilizer's porosity. Oilseed cakes (e.g., soybean, peanut, and rapeseed) are high in protein and organic matter; they provide a steady, long-lasting supply of nutrients after fermentation and enhance the flavor and quality of produce, making them popular ingredients for specialized fertilizers used in high-end fruit and vegetable cultivation.

Industrial organic by-products—such as spent grains from liquor and vinegar production, sugar beet/cane pulp, cassava residue, and spent mushroom substrate—serve as vital supplementary feedstocks for large-scale production. Having undergone industrial pre-processing, these materials contain few impurities, decompose rapidly, and possess unique trace elements and bioactive substances. Spent mushroom substrate is loose and porous, helping to optimize the physical structure of the fertilizer, while spent grains and sugar residues are rich in organic matter that can quickly boost soil fertility. These materials are well-suited for industrial-scale batch production; utilizing standardized bio-organic fertilizer production lines can significantly enhance efficiency and enable the resource utilization of industrial waste.

In addition, compliant kitchen waste, garden trimmings (such as fallen leaves and branches), peat, and humic acid raw materials can also serve as supplementary ingredients in production. It is important to note that all raw materials must be free from excessive heavy metals and contaminants; they must undergo screening, composting, and sterilization before being mixed and granulated using specialized bio-organic fertilizer equipment. Only by incorporating specific functional microbial agents can a qualified bio-organic fertilizer be produced. This diversified raw material system not only reduces production costs but also promotes the green, circular development of agriculture.