What are the steps involved in biofertilizer production?

Biofertilizer production centers on fermentation and granulation, adapting to the characteristics of organic raw materials: coarseness, light weight, and low cohesion. Three key steps are carefully controlled, and the operation and equipment selection at each stage directly impact the quality of the finished product.

The first step involves raw material pretreatment and aerobic fermentation. Organic waste, such as livestock and poultry manure and straw, is filtered through a vibration screener to remove impurities. A horizontal mixer is then used to mix the raw materials with straw powder and a microbial inoculant. The carbon-nitrogen ratio is adjusted to 25:1-30:1, the moisture content to 50%-60%, and the pH to 6.5-7.5. The material is then fed into a fermentation tank and regularly turned and aerated using a trough-type turning machine.The temperature is initially maintained at 50-60°C for 3-5 days to kill insect eggs and pathogens. Later, it is lowered to 35-45°C to promote the growth of functional bacteria, which decompose organic matter into humus. The entire process takes 7-15 days, and temperature and humidity sensors are used to monitor the composting process in real time, adjusting the turning and water addition to ensure thorough composting.

The second step is granulation and post-processing. The fermented material is conveyed via a belt conveyor to a new type organic fertilizer granulator. This equipment, taking advantage of the low cohesiveness of organic raw materials, uses a special extrusion or disc granulation mechanism to compress the loose material into uniform granules with a diameter of 2-5 mm, eliminating the clumping and uneven particle size issues encountered with traditional granulation. The granules then enter a drum fertilizer dryer, where they are dried at temperatures below 60°C to reduce the moisture content to below 15% to prevent mold during storage. The dried granules are then screened by a multi-layer screener machine. Those with acceptable particle sizes proceed to the next stage, while unacceptable broken or oversized granules are returned to the granulator for reprocessing, ensuring the finished product meets particle size standards and enhancing the product's appearance.

Finally, the finished product is packaged and quality controlled. Approved granules are sprayed with a moisture-retaining, anti-caking film by a film coating machine as needed, then sealed in batches by an automatic packaging machine and labeled with information such as the production date and expiration date. Production requires formula design tailored to soil (such as sandy loam or clay) and crops (such as grains and cash crops). Finished products are tested for indicators such as organic matter, viable bacterial count, and heavy metals to ensure superior fertilizer efficiency over inorganic fertilizers while maintaining a low cost. This ensures that the fertilizer not only meets crop needs but also improves soil quality and water and fertilizer retention, contributing to environmental friendliness and sustainable agricultural development.

The entire process is closely linked. Fermentation determines internal nutrients and safety, while granulation influences appearance and practicality. Equipment must be matched to raw material characteristics and production capacity, ensuring coordinated control to produce high-quality biofertilizers.

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